Sarah Herman
WindFarmer Specialist
GL Garrad Hassan
Austin, Texas
www.gl-garradhassan.com
I am a newbie with QGIS - I have just installed QGIS 2.10.1-Pisa. I am following a youtube tutorial by Steven Bernard and I just found that the styles do not work properly (I run Mac OS X Lion 7.5.1. On a 1.7 GHz Intel Core i5 MacBook Air). When I want to change the sybology of my map, this does not work properly. If you have a look at step 3.2.3. Runs on: Mac OS X 10.4 or later World Wind Java SDK v.0.6.893.15860 With World Wind Java SDK, developers can embed World Wind technology in their own applications. . Wind farm turbines take toll on birds of prey The Australian Graham Lloyd 22 September 2014 EAGLES, falcons and other raptors make up to a third of the estimated 1500 birds killed each year at Australia's biggest wind farm. The finding of an independent report for Macarthur Wind Farm operator AGL follows 12 monthly. Dual booting between Linux and Mac OS 9 also has an issue with system clocks. While your Debian system is set to UTC time, your OS 9 system is set to local time, so though your Linux time may be correct, you Mac clock can be several hours off. Solve this with: sudo timedatectl set-local-rtc 1 Replace the 1 with 0 to switch back to UTC time.
Wind-farm designs and energy assessments are complex processes that vary greatly depending upon the constraints and challenges of each site. Stakeholders such as developers, utilities, and financiers must technically evaluate a project to determine its profitability and feasibility. Software that can model the performance of all types of farms is essential in the wind industry. Some key features and models needed in such wind-farm design software are highlighted here, using the latest WindFarmer 4.2 software developed by GL Garrad Hassan as a platform for discussion. Segfault (itch) mac os. A number of features in the software come from years of development and hence deserve attention. For example:
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The graphic user interface on WindFarmer software shows a few selections and results for a large proposed layout. Panels on the left show selections and those on the right, calculations. The graph inset describes a turbulence model.
Energy calculations: Energy-production values calculated for a wind farm require several inputs to properly evaluate a site's estimated energy generation. The topography for a wind farm and its site boundaries can be loaded into the software as ESRI shape files. The wind flow should be characterized from on-location measurements and extrapolated to the rest of the site. Its historical air density must also be evaluated.
Efficiencies and loss factors specific to the site should be understood, and a turbine layout and power curve must be selected. Once this basic site information is entered, the type of analysis method chosen to calculate energy depends on the characteristics of the wind farm being assessed.
A wind farm's energy production greatly depends on the wake effects from upwind turbines. Hence, an accurate wake model is key to an accurate estimate. WindFarmer software has several wake models that can consider specific challenges found in the broad range of wind farms in development and operation.
Wind-farm wake modeling: The Eddy Viscosity Wake Model is a CFD model developed, refined, and validated using operational wind-farm data for many years. The model provides a successful wake-modeling algorithm for a wide variety of common situations. The software also includes several modifications to this base model for wind farms that fall outside a normal operational envelope of the model. With these adjustments, the exceptional characteristics of regions with such observed wind regimes can be taken into account.
Wakes in complex terrain: Environmental parameters such as air density and turbulence levels as well as development of the wake are a function of the underlying topography. Based on the turbine's position in the terrain, the software adjusts turbine-wake development and the energy calculated.
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The inset image suggests how the wind farm will appear from ground level.
Closely spaced wind farm layouts: A closely spaced wake model allows completing wake modeling on wind farms that are built for one or two-directional wind regimes. This type of wind farm has unique challenges. Such regimes lend themselves to turbine layouts that are positioned close together in one direction to maximize electricity generation per given area. Turbine wakes in such a layout do not propagate independently, and so must be modeled differently. The software's Eddy Viscosity Model for Closely Spaced Turbines effectively models wakes propagated for this type of wind farm by altering the classic Eddy Viscosity model and letting velocity deficits caused by the wake effects add cumulatively.
Large wind-farm model: As the wind industry has developed, the size of wind farms has increased on and offshore to include some that are greater than 100 MW in size and many rows deep. A Large Wind Farm Wake Model simulates increased wakes generated by large wind farms. The model works by considering several characteristics specific to large wind farms, the most important being alterations to the boundary layer caused by the presence of many turbines extracting momentum from the atmosphere. As a result, the wind profile varies across the farm, an effect analogous to an increase in surface roughness length. Within WindFarmer, this technical and crucial feature is engaged with a check box where the software performs all analysis of upstream turbines to derive added wake losses due to the large wind-farm wake effect. The Large Wind Farm Wake Model has been tested and validated with operating offshore and onshore data. Furthermore, the speed of the energy yield calculation – typically 10 to 15 minutes for a 100-turbine array – lets wind farm designers explore many different layout options within a reasonable timeframe.
Data from site assessments display in WindFarmer showing an inset wind rose of wind speed and directional probability along with a contour map of color coded wind-energy levels.
Uncertainty analysis: Once a site's estimated energy production calculations complete, the uncertainty associated with the results must be quantified. Uncertainty calculations are essential to quantify and assess the asset's viability and profitability to raise project financing. As such, the software includes uncertainty analyses into its results to evaluate the many sources of uncertainty present within the development process, such as data collection sensors, topographic modeling, and yearly variations of the on-site wind regime. These uncertainties derive the relevant exceedance levels so stress cases can run and debt-service coverage ratios converted into currency for pro forma preparations. Steves gathering golden apple mac os.
Efficient wind farm design: Software for designing wind farms offer a range of tools to support the engineer designing a productive wind farm. These tools include aids for automatic generation of both random and symmetric layouts with high-energy yield. Using the advanced tools to design a wind farm can help mitigate project deficiencies found later in the detailed energy assessment. As wind farms become larger and more complex, scientific research is increasing understanding of how wakes behave within such a complex environment. Software such as WindFarmer is essential to leverage this knowledge and produce reliable estimates of electrical-power production.
WPE
Disneys animated storybook: the hunchback of notre dame mac os. Our Marine and Wind Energy course is delivered part-time online. You can study with us anywhere in the world and manage your study hours to suit you.
Part of our MSc in Renewable Energy Engineering, this course is taught at Masters level.
Online learning
Your training is delivered through MyAberdeen, our online Virtual Learning Environment (VLE). It holds all the materials, tools and support you'll need in your studies. Take a look around MyAberdeen.
You can access your learning materials on computer, smartphone and laptop, 24 hours a day. You'll find a range of resources at your fingertips, including:
- videos lectures
- reading materials
- the online resources of our award-winning Sir Duncan Rice Library.
Your tutors
You'll learn from a team of internationally experienced engineers and academics from our School of Engineering.
Industry input
Your course content is developed and reviewed by an Industry Advisory Board. This group of experienced professionals ensures your learning is always in line with the latest industry trends, technology and career opportunities.
Assessment
You'll be assessed entirely online.
This course usually combines online assessment with a written exam that you attend in person. However, due to Covid-19, in-person exams will not take place until January 2022 at the earliest.